Eli Lilly Invites You to Join As part of the global Beyond the Curve webinar series, we are pleased to present the upcoming session titled: “A Call to Action: Lazy is a Label, Obesity is a Disease.” This international webinar will examine obesity as a complex, chronic disease that requires evidence-based recognition and comprehensive management. Th

Introduction Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is a clinical manifestation of chronic venous disease characterised by pathological and haemodynamic changes in the lower limb veins (1). These disorders arise primarily from venous obstruction, valvular reflux, or a combination of both, resulting in chronic ambulatory venous hypertension and systemic

Introduction: Mitral valve replacement is performed when a durable repair is not anatomically feasible (1). The MITRIS RESILIA mitral valve is a bioprosthetic mitral valve built upon the well-known and effective PERIMOUNT platform, first introduced over four decades ago (1). This platform boasts three bovine pericardial leaflets, flexible stenting,

Introduction Echocardiography remains the cornerstone for diagnosing and evaluating aortic stenosis (AS), guiding clinical decision-making through precise assessment of severity (1). Recognizing variability in measurements across laboratories, this quick reference guide integrates updated standards to optimize consistency and accuracy (1). Key high

Introduction Small aortic annulus (SAA), defined as an annular area < 400 mm², constitutes a high-risk anatomical subgroup associated with substantially elevated risks of prosthesis–patient mismatch (PPM) (1). Aortic stenosis with concomitant SAA constitutes a distinct subgroup in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)populations (1). Patien

Introduction The American College of Cardiology/AHA: American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines recommend aortic valve replacement (AVR) for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS), as well as for selected asymptomatic patients with severe AS who have a left ventricular ejection fraction below 50%, a positive exercise stress test

A 59-year-old female with scleroderma, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (EF 30–35%), GERD, and T2DM presented with chronic dyspnea. Initial right heart catheterization suggested pulmonary venous hypertension and cardiogenic shock, prompting diuretics, afterload reduction, and Milrinone. However, echocardiography revealed a markedly enlarged RV (RV:LV ra

Understanding the Pathophysiology of PAH Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and progressive condition affecting the pulmonary vasculature. It is characterised by narrowing and remodelling of the small arteries that carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. As resistance within these vessels increases, the right vent

The 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) represent a shift from symptom-driven treatment to a structured, risk-guided management strategy. Contemporary recommendations emphasise early haemodynamic confirmation, upfront combination therapy, and dynamic reassessment aimed at achieving and maintaining a low-risk profile (1