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Introduction The prevalence of osteoporosis and fragility fractures increases sharply with age, yet diagnosis in the “oldest old” (≥85 years) remains inconsistent and often delayed. This age group experiences the highest fracture-related morbidity and mortality but is underrepresented in both screening programs and clinical trials (1). Standard dia

Introduction Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) affects millions of women worldwide and is a leading cause of fractures and disability in aging populations (1). Timely pharmacological intervention significantly reduces fracture risk, yet treatment gaps persist especially in patients at high or very high risk (2). While antiresorptive like bisphospho

Osteoporosis in older adults is often viewed as a condition driven primarily by bone aging (1). However, emerging evidence highlights the critical role of sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), malnutrition, and immobility as key, interrelated contributors to the onset and progression of age-related osteoporosis (1). These factors not only compromise bo

Introduction ASCVD (Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, driven by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (1). The standard of care includes statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9) inhibitors to achieve optimal LDL-C (Low d

Introduction Hypercholesterolemia, particularly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (1). Despite widespread use of statins, a substantial proportion of patients remain unable to attain optimal LDL-C levels, often due to statin intolerance, inade

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D), once primarily associated with older adults, is increasingly diagnosed in younger individuals. Early-onset T2D presents a higher risk for long-term complications due to prolonged disease exposure. Effective and timely intervention in such patients is essential to prevent microvascular and macrovascular outcomes. Am

Introduction The management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to evolve with the introduction of innovative therapies aimed at improving glycemic control, promoting weight loss, and minimizing adverse effects. Among these, tirzepatide a novel once-weekly dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) re

Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) often presents complex decisions when treating women at high fracture risk, with rapid bone loss or contraindications to standard therapies. While bisphosphonates and denosumab remain foundational, their limitations especially in women with recent fractures or very low bone mineral density (BMD) highl