Hello, and a warm welcome to MedX, where we bring you the latest news and insights from the world of medicine.  New Gene Therapy Expands Treatment Options for SMA The FDA has approved a new intrathecal gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in patients aged two years and older with confirmed SMN1 mutations. Delivered directly into the spina

Introduction: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a form of glomerular injury characterized by sclerosis affecting some (focal) and only part (segmental) of the glomeruli (1). It can occur as a primary disease or secondarily due to infections, drugs, obesity, or immune-mediated injury (1). In rare cases, FSGS develops after allogeneic hema

Introduction: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a clinicopathologic syndrome characterized by segmental scarring of a subset of glomeruli, frequently presented as proteinuria and progressive kidney dysfunction (1). Management of FSGS aims to reduce proteinuria, preserve kidney function, and address associated complications (1). Therapeut

Introduction: Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a glomerular disease increasingly seen in clinical practice and a significant cause of end-stage renal disease (1). Podocyte injury and depletion play central roles in its pathogenesis and progression (1). The diagnosis of FSGS traditionally depends on renal biopsy showing segmental scleros

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that affects nearly one in ten adults worldwide. It is marked by a gradual decline in renal function, increased cardiovascular risk, and potential progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Early recognition and multifactorial management—encompassing lifestyle, pharmacologic,

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to pose a significant public health challenge, affecting approximately 10–13% of the global population. It is characterized by the progressive decline of renal function over time, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity, hospitalization, and premature mortality. Once CKD is diagnosed,

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major global health burden, affecting approximately 10–13% of the world’s population. Defined by a decline in kidney function lasting over 90 days, CKD increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for slowing disease pro

Introduction Advances in nephrology have progressively clarified the complexities of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a disorder widely acknowledged as the most common hereditary kidney condition (1). For clinicians involved in chronic kidney disease (CKD) management, understanding the evolving landscape of ADPKD diagnosis and

Introduction Chronic kidney disease–associated pruritus (CKD-aP) is a debilitating symptom affecting up to 40% of patients on maintenance haemodialysis (1). It significantly impairs quality of life (QoL), disrupts sleep, and contributes to psychological distress (2). Current treatment options remain limited, and response rates are often suboptimal