Renal calculi are the products of crystallization of stone-forming constituents and affect approximately 10% of individuals, with calcium-based stones comprising 80% of cases. The predominant stone type, calcium oxalate, arises due to an imbalance between calcium and oxalate concentrations or insufficient crystallization inhibitors. A major contrib

Introduction The cation calcium is crucial for neural transmission, enzyme activity, myocardial function, coagulation, and cellular processes. While most calcium is stored in bones as calcium phosphate, a small portion circulates in cells and extracellular fluids. Normal calcium levels range from 8.9 to 10.1 mg/dL, though variations occur based on

Hello, and a warm welcome to MedX, where we bring you the latest news and insights from the world of medicine. FDA Grants Accelerated Approval to Atrasentan for IgA Nephropathy The FDA has granted accelerated approval to atrasentan for adults with primary IgA nephropathy at risk of rapid progression. The Phase III ALIGN trial demonstrated that atra

Introduction Hyperkalemia is characterized by elevated serum or plasma potassium levels, typically above 5.0–5.5 mEq/L. Mild cases of hyperkalemia are often asymptomatic, but severe elevations can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, or paralysis. Symptoms usually appear at levels above 6.5 mEq/L, though rapid changes in p

Phosphate, an inorganic molecule, consists of a central phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms. The kidney’s ability to excrete dietary phosphate determines the serum phosphate concentration in steady state. Causes In healthy individuals, renal excretion is so efficient that phosphate balance can be maintained with only a slight elevation in serum p

Welcome back, dialysis professionals! In this video, Dr. Ashwini Ookalkar dives deep into infection control measures in dialysis units, focusing on the prevention of seroconversion, vascular access infections, and RO unit disinfection. Learn how to reduce infection risks in dialysis patients, especially those with catheters or AV fistulas. She disc

Welcome to MedX – Your Source for the Latest Medical Breakthroughs! FDA Approves First Treatment for IgG4-Related Disease – Inebilizumab becomes the first and only FDA-approved therapy for this rare, multi-organ immune condition, cutting flares by 87% in Phase 3 trials. Atrasentan Offers New Hope for IgA Nephropathy – The FDA grants accelerated app

Introduction One of the key functions of the kidney is to maintain plasma magnesium levels within the range of 0.7 to 1.1 mmol/L. Unlike most solutes filtered by the kidney, only 10% of magnesium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, while the majority of them gets passively reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of Henle. When magnesium levels inc

Hello and a Warm Welcome to MedX, In this episode, we cover the most recent FDA approvals shaping the future of medical treatments: Durvalumab – Approved for muscle-invasive bladder cancer as neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Cabozantinib – Approved for pancreatic and extra-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in patients 12 and older. Fitusiran – Appr