HIF-2α inhibitors and targeted therapies represent a novel approach in the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (1). These agents act on critical tumour-promoting pathways, including angiogenesis and cellular proliferation, to control disease progression (1). By specifically targeting mechanisms that drive tumour growth, they offer new

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires long-term pharmacologic therapy, with treatment choice influenced by efficacy, tolerability, and safety (1). Metformin is the first-line agent, but alternative or combination therapies are often necessary (1). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have become attractive options owing to weig

Introduction: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), representing 75-80% of RCC cases, is frequently associated with inactivation or mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene (1). Disruption of VHL function upregulates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways, driving tumorigenesis. Current frontline treatments for advanced ccR

Introduction: Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, with resistant hypertension (rHTN) and uncontrolled hypertension (uHTN) representing the most challenging subgroups to manage (1). Despite the availability of multiple classes of antihypertensive drugs, a significant proportion of patients contin

Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 75% of newly diagnosed bladder cancer cases and carries a high risk of recurrence and progression despite standard intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy (1). Patients with high-risk disease—including those with carcinoma in situ (CIS) or T1 lesions face significant un

Introduction Clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma (MM) include anemia, recurrent infections, renal insufficiency, osteolytic bone lesions and hypercalcemia (1). Majority of the patients develop renal failure from the disease, and before widespread dialysis availability, renal failure was the second leading cause of death in MM (1). During th

Introduction APOL1-mediated kidney disease (AMKD) is a progressive proteinuric chronic kidney disease driven by toxic gain-of-function variants in the APOL1 gene (G1 or G2) (1). Despite standard-of-care treatments, these patients often experience a rapid decline in kidney function. Inaxaplin, an oral small molecule APOL1 inhibitor, directly targets

Introduction Inaxaplin, an APOL1 inhibitor, represents a targeted therapeutic approach for APOL1-mediated kidney disease (AMKD), a rapidly progressive proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD) driven by toxic gain-of-function APOL1 variants (1). Current standard-of-care treatments for AMKD often fail to halt disease progression, leading to an inexor

Introduction: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a significant health concern in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those undergoing dialysis; its prevalence in dialysis populations ranges between 10–15% worldwide (1). While direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized HCV management and shown excellent res