As we transition into 2026, Medsynapse recognizes that the most significant advancements in healthcare are born from collective expertise. Medical progress is not merely an individual pursuit; it is a testament to the shared intellect, unwavering resilience, and profound professional advocacy that defines our community. Behind every clinical breakt

Introduction: Migraine is a highly disabling neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headache episodes involving vascular and neurogenic inflammation (1). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology by promoting vasodilation and pain signaling. Galcanezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that sel

Introduction: Chronic migraine (CM) is a disabling neurological condition characterized by ≥15 headache days per month, with ≥8 days meeting criteria for migraine (1). Compared to episodic migraine, CM is associated with greater disability, higher rates of comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions, and increased healthcare resource utilization (1

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration (1). Relapsing forms of MS are marked by episodes of neurological dysfunction and active lesion formation, often visualized through gadolinium-enhancing MRI scans (1). Despite

Introduction: Fingolimod is the first oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) approved for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) (1). It works by modulating sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors to retain lymphocytes in lymph nodes, thereby reducing inflammation and the formation of new central nervous system lesions (1). Although fingolimod has d

Introduction: Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is a chronic demyelinating disease marked by episodes of neurological dysfunction followed by periods of remission (1). Long-term disease control requires ongoing adherence to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), yet many patients struggle with injectable options due to injection site pain,

Introduction: Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS) is characterised by a gradual accumulation of disability from disease onset, without relapses (1). This form of multiple sclerosis presents significant therapeutic challenges due to the absence of approved disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) (1). The pathophysiology of PPMS involves central

Introduction: Meningococcal disease causes over 400,000 cases and 32,000 deaths globally wiith recent reports also indicating an upward trend in high-income countries, where serogroup Y cases have nearly doubled within a short timeframe (1). The four-component MenB vaccine (4CMenB) was developed to protect against diverse MenB strains, consisting o

Introduction: Migraine affects about 15% of people worldwide and is a leading cause of disability (1). It involves recurrent headaches lasting 4 to 72 hours, often with nausea and sensitivity to light and sound (1). Classified by International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) into migraine without aura, with aura, and chronic migraine,