Tolebrutinib introduces a promising shift in the management of non-relapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, a disease of the brain and spinal cord (1). By addressing smoldering neuroinflammation, it opens the door to earlier and more proactive intervention in disability progression.

Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with terminal-stage functional decline characterized by loss of basic daily functional abilities in the final stage of the disease (1). A comprehensive management plan should be developed as soon as possible after AD is diagnosed (1). This plan should include cholinest

Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with multiple symptoms that patients experience over the course of the disease, and treatment focuses on the selection and provision of appropriate treatments for these symptoms (1). Once the clinical diagnosis of AD has been made, a treatment plan must be developed (1). Patient symptoms and care

Introduction: Relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent episodes of neurological dysfunction and progressive accumulation of disability (1). Despite the availability of several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), unmet needs remain, particularly in addressing compar

As we transition into 2026, Medsynapse recognizes that the most significant advancements in healthcare are born from collective expertise. Medical progress is not merely an individual pursuit; it is a testament to the shared intellect, unwavering resilience, and profound professional advocacy that defines our community. Behind every clinical breakt

Introduction: Migraine is a highly disabling neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headache episodes involving vascular and neurogenic inflammation (1). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology by promoting vasodilation and pain signaling. Galcanezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that sel

Introduction: Chronic migraine (CM) is a disabling neurological condition characterized by ≥15 headache days per month, with ≥8 days meeting criteria for migraine (1). Compared to episodic migraine, CM is associated with greater disability, higher rates of comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions, and increased healthcare resource utilization (1

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration (1). Relapsing forms of MS are marked by episodes of neurological dysfunction and active lesion formation, often visualized through gadolinium-enhancing MRI scans (1). Despite

Introduction: Fingolimod is the first oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) approved for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) (1). It works by modulating sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors to retain lymphocytes in lymph nodes, thereby reducing inflammation and the formation of new central nervous system lesions (1). Although fingolimod has d